Does catching new Aniimo species give XP?

The bonus counts per area, so a species you already own pays out again the first time you catch it somewhere new. Every new area is a fresh checklist. Catching one of each thing you have not caught there yet is what pushes your character level up. Repeat catches still give the normal capture XP, but the bonus only comes once per species per area.

The first capture also goes into your catch report. Take that report to an Outpost's Research Console and the creature's Potential gets appraised. Until then it shows as "Unappraised", so you cannot tell whether it is Common, Good, Elite or Perfect, and that rank sets its stat ceiling. Catching every species in a region also advances that region's capture progression, which counts toward your overall progression. Clearing an area's list pays you three ways: XP, appraisals and region progress.

Any capture can also trigger a Lucky Strike, which pays out bonus resources and Prismana energy on top of the XP. That system has its own page.